سوال ۱۹ کنکور ارشد مهندسی کامپیوتر ۱۴۰۳ — PASSAGE 2 (excerpt): The programming process can be subdivided into

Question

PASSAGE 2 (excerpt): The programming process can be subdivided into a number of tasks of which debugging is perhaps one of the most pervasive. For example, it is frequently estimated that testing and debugging account for approximately 50% of the cost of new systems development. This situation holds also for the later maintenance phase. While acknowledging that individual differences play a major role in debugging effectiveness, this paper investigates one of the environmental variables—the nature of the program bug—to examine its effect on the debugging process. Debugging studies such as those by Gould & Drongowski (1974) and Gould (1975) addressed the effect of the type of programming language statement containing the bug on debugging performance. They found that assignment bugs were much harder to detect and correct than were array or iteration bugs. According to the passage, which of the following statements is true?

Accepted Answer

Based on the debugging studies, array or iteration bugs were less difficult to identify than assignment bugs.

Answer

Testing alone accounts for 25% of the cost of new systems development.

Answer

Individual differences almost play no role in the effectiveness of debugging.

Answer

Debugging studies such as those by Gould & Drongowski were published in the second half of the 19th century.