سوال ۲۳ کنکور ارشد مهندسی کامپیوتر ۱۴۰۰

PASSAGE 2 (excerpt, paragraph 1):

Since making its first appearance in the 1960s, the computer corpus has infiltrated all fields of language-related research, from lexicography to literary criticism through artificial intelligence and language teaching. This widespread use of the computer corpus has led to the development of a new discipline which has come to be called 'corpus linguistics', a term which refers not just to a new computer-based methodology, but as Leech puts it, to a 'new research enterprise', a new way of thinking about language, which is challenging some of our most deeply-rooted ideas about language. With its focus on performance (rather than competence), description (rather than universals) and quantitative as well as qualitative analysis, it can be seen as contrasting sharply with the Chomskyan approach and indeed is presented as such by Leech. The two approaches are not mutually exclusive however. Comparing the respective merits of corpus linguistics and what he ironically calls 'armchair linguistics', Fillmore comes to the conclusion that 'the two kinds of linguists need each other'.

Question 23 — What can we infer about the Chomskyan approach from paragraph 1?

1. It contains two main theories.
2. It is first proposed by Leech.
3. It forms all our current ideas about language.
4. It is not centered on performance and description.