سوال ۱۹ کنکور ارشد مهندسی کامپیوتر ۱۴۰۵

PASSAGE 2 (Operating Systems):

The operating system (OS) operates and controls the various units of a computer, managing how software uses hardware to ensure the computer functions as intended in a systematic, reliable, and efficient manner. The kernel, the controlling part of the OS, remains in the main storage permanently during the computer's operation. Principal functions of an OS include scheduling and loading programs, controlling hardware resources, protecting hardware, software, and data from improper use, loading programs and functions into main storage as required, passing control from one job to another under priority systems, providing error correction routines, maintaining a complete record of all process activities, and communicating with the computer operator.

Operating systems have evolved over time, driven by hardware advancements and application needs. Initially, computers were programmed directly with machine instructions or assembly code, with no controls over system use. The first OS challenge was to enable transitioning from one job to another without stopping the machine, entering a new program, and restarting. The batch operating system concept provided a solution by allowing operators to load several jobs at once, which the system then executed sequentially, taking control between jobs to set up hardware and release control to the next job.

19. The passage provides sufficient information to answer which of the following questions?

I. In which country was the first computer introduced?

II. What is the name of the most common error in computer systems?

III. What was among the first problems operating systems needed to solve?