سوال ۲۵ کنکور ارشد مهندسی کامپیوتر ۱۴۰۵

PASSAGE 3 (excerpt with insertion points marked [1]–[4]):

"...instructions are also fetched and executed one at a time, which creates a bottleneck where the CPU cannot fetch instructions and data simultaneously. [1] This is known as the Von Neumann bottleneck. To address this, modern CPUs employ techniques like caching and pipelining to improve efficiency. Still, the Von Neumann architecture remains highly relevant and influential in computer design. [2] Von Neumann's architecture introduced the concept of stored-program computers, where both instructions and data are stored in the same memory, allowing for flexible program execution.

Unlike the Von Neumann architecture where instructions and data share the same memory and data paths, Harvard architecture is a type of computer architecture that has separate storage units and dedicated pathways for instructions and data. [3] By having separate pathways, the CPU can fetch instructions and access data at the same time, without waiting for each other, leading to faster program execution... having separate memory units can increase the overall cost of the system. [4]"

25 — In which position marked by [1], [2], [3] or [4], can the following sentence best be inserted in the passage?

This allows for simultaneous access to instructions and data, potentially improving performance.