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PART C: Reading Comprehension — Read the passage and answer the question by choosing the best option.

PASSAGE 1

It is imperative that the computer scientist have a clear understanding of how a computer functions. Such understanding is also important to the high-level language programmer — if not for the sheer knowledge, then to help him or her design programs that use the computer more effectively. To have a clear understanding of conventional computers and how they work, one should have good knowledge of machine language or, equivalently, assembly language. After all, a computer executes a machine language program to perform a certain task.

There are certain functions on many computer systems that are still in the domain of assembly language — for example, the operation of physical input and output devices, and the transfer of control of the computer from one job to another in a multiprogramming system. Although there are attempts to use higher-level languages for such functions, assembly language still prevails in these instances.

In principle, an assembly language program is more efficient than its higher-level language counterpart. This is so because compilers, in general, tend to generate less optimal code than the code of a carefully handwritten assembly language program. Therefore, in applications in which saving memory storage and execution time is of primary importance, assembly language may be advantageous.

The foregoing reasons should not be interpreted as a plea for writing all programs in assembly language. They mean only that assembly language can be used to add to the capabilities of higher-level languages. Since most higher-level languages allow the user to write subroutines in assembly language, a programmer can, through judicious choices, combine the advantages of both higher-level and assembly languages. For instance, the programmer can write those parts of a program that are machine-dependent and that execute very frequently as subroutines in assembly language, and the rest of the program in a higher-level language.

Q14. Compilers ----------.