سوال ۲۲ کنکور ارشد علوم کامپیوتر ۱۴۰۲

PART C: Reading Comprehension — Read the passage and answer the question by choosing the best option.

PASSAGE 3 (first paragraph)

Chapter 4 deals with dynamic data structures, i.e., with data that change their structure during the execution of the program. It is shown that the recursive data structures are an important subclass of the dynamic structures commonly used. Although a recursive definition is both natural and possible in these cases, it is usually not used in practice. Instead, the mechanism used in its implementation is made evident to the programmer by forcing him to use explicit reference or pointer variables. This book follows this technique and reflects the present state of the art: Chapter 4 is devoted to programming with pointers, to lists, trees and to examples involving even more complicated meshes of data. It presents what is often (and somewhat inappropriately) called list processing. A fair amount of space is devoted to tree organizations, and in particular to search trees. The chapter ends with a presentation of scatter tables, also called "hash" codes, which are of tern preferred to search trees. This provides the possibility of comparing two fundamentally different techniques for a frequently encountered application.

Q22. What does the underlined word "encountered" in the first paragraph mean?