سوال ۱۱ کنکور ارشد علوم کامپیوتر ۱۳۹۸

Read the following passage and decide which choice (1), (2), (3), or (4) best fits the blank.

Some researchers investigated the effect of listening to music by Mozart (11) ______ spatial reasoning, and the results were published in Nature. They gave research participants one of three standard tests of abstract spatial reasoning under each of three listening conditions: the Sonata for Two Pianos in D major, K. 448 by Mozart, verbal relaxation instructions, and silence. They found a temporary enhancement of spatial-reasoning, an effect on spatial-reasoning subtasks of the Stanford-Binet IQ test. Rauscher et al. show that the music condition is only temporary.