سوال ۱۸ کنکور ارشد علوم کامپیوتر ۱۴۰۴

Read the passage and answer the question.

PASSAGE 2: That part of mathematics which is usually called Set Theory encompasses two distinct groups of definitions and results. Firstly, we have those concepts which (considering the size of an infinite set) are necessary for the development of cardinal numbers and transfinite arithmetic. Such concepts were first introduced into mathematics by Georg Cantor. The second collection of concepts is of a more fundamental nature and deals with the problems of inclusion, membership and classification. It is the latter group which is so often taught as part of a "Modern Mathematics" course, whose development concerns us here. To distinguish between the two groups of concepts we will restrict to the last mentioned collection its old name of class theory. To explain the origins of class theory we must go back to the Greeks.

The Greeks were the first to realize the close relationship between mathematics and logic. One of the most influential Greek texts on logic is the Organon of Aristotle (circa 300 BC). In this text he advances the thesis that it is possible to reduce every valid argument to the systematic application of a small number of rules which are independent of the subject of the argument. That is, he believed the validity of an argument was determined by its form rather than its content. (Such logic is known as formal logic). In the Organon he concentrated on a particular form of argument which he called a "syllogism".

18. According to the passage, class theory is an older label for ……………….. .