سوال ۳۱ کنکور ارشد مدیریت کسب‌وکار (MBA) ۱۴۰۵

Passage 1 summary: City management is becoming an independent profession, with many managers trained as engineers and others as lawyers or businesspeople. In the U.S., a preference for local appointees has weakened as qualified outsiders and experienced small-city managers have gained posts in larger cities. Universities offer theoretical preparation that graduates must supplement with experience. The author is uncertain about expansion to the largest cities because of policy entanglement, but reports better administration, lower costs (including one 10-percent taxpayer refund), and positive effects on council personnel.

Context phrase: “a separate profession”

The underlined word “separate” in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to .......... .