سوال ۴۷ کنکور ارشد مدیریت کسب‌وکار (MBA) ۱۴۰۵

Passage 3 summary: After oil-crisis stagnation in 1970s Japan, pro-privatization neo-conservatism strengthened, while demands for better local living conditions sustained urban research. Castells wrote The Wild City in 1976, and Shima Yasuhiko translated it into Japanese in 1977, introducing French urban studies and emphasizing parallels between Japanese and U.S. cities. Paragraph 2 describes Japanese political scientists, especially Nishimura Shigeru, introducing French approaches: Nishimura outlined Monopolville in 1979 without assessing its importance for urban studies, criticized Castells’ rigid formalism, and agreed with Lojkine on production and collective consumption. Paragraph 3 details Nishimura’s synthesis of Castells and Lojkine, covering the social content of urban space, collective consumption, labour and ecological needs, and the state as an expression of contradictory social relationships.

Which of the following pairs of techniques is used in the passage?