سوال ۳۱ کنکور ارشد مدیریت کسب‌وکار (MBA) ۱۴۰۴

Passage 1 summary: The passage first links economic growth with expanding transport, then explains how transport pollution can obstruct further development. It reports a 26% global CO2 share for transport, a 21% EU greenhouse-gas share, a 93% road share within transport emissions, and 1990–2004 increases of 26% for transport overall, 27% for passenger road transport and 51% for freight road transport, despite decreases in several other sectors, including agriculture. Urban smog, affected by altitude and pollutant dispersal, damages residents’ lives and cities’ economic prospects, prompting international climate initiatives and making cleaner air a municipal priority. Successful cities must balance economic prosperity, access and environmental health, since improving accessibility can be detrimental to air quality and cleaner air can limit access; transport innovation is therefore important.

The underlined phrase “the latter” in paragraph 1 refers to .......... .