سوال ۴۵ کنکور ارشد مدیریت کسب‌وکار (MBA) ۱۴۰۴

Passage 3 summary: Early urban layouts used elementary geometry, grids and simple teachable rules to organize services and distinguish public from private space. As settlements became denser and more complex, those rules lost effectiveness, and redesigns such as nineteenth-century Paris subordinated geometry to political or military purposes. Later development was shaped by transport infrastructure, economic activity and separate residential and working areas, while twentieth-century access to cheap energy and fewer material constraints let urban resource stocks and flows increasingly determine city form. In the twenty-first century, globalization weakens dependence on nearby territories and national city networks, and rapidly changing influences on cities motivate a metaphorical comparison with quantum theory.

The underlined words “them” and “their” in paragraph 4 refer to .......... respectively.