سوال ۴۰ کنکور ارشد مدیریت کسب‌وکار (MBA) ۱۴۰۰

Passage 1 summary: African farmland is being lost as deserts expand and droughts worsen. Population pressure encourages overgrazing, excessive cultivation and tree removal; these practices strip vegetation, weaken soil and accelerate erosion. The passage presents conservation and sustainable farming as prevention, with a community forestry and livelihood project in Kita, Mali, as an encouraging example.

Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the passage as a direct contributory factor to desertification?