سوال ۶۳ کنکور ارشد مدیریت کسبوکار (MBA) ۱۴۰۰
.......... in 1981, the journal was originally published articles and reviews with a focus on ethical problems encountered by professionals working in large organizational structures.
پاسخ صحیح: گزینهٔ A — Established
Answer: option 1 — Established. An initial past-participial clause (بند وجه وصفیِ گذشته) gives background about the following subject: Established in 1981 means the journal was established in 1981. The journal receives the action, so the passive participle is required.
- (2) To be established: a passive infinitive suggests purpose or a prospective event, rather than the journal's completed founding.
- (3) To establish: is active; it would make the journal the agent establishing something, with an object still needed.
- (4) Been established: been cannot begin this standalone construction; a perfect passive participial clause would be having been established.
Note: The printed main clause has an extra was. Its intended active wording is the journal originally published articles and reviews. This does not change the participle required in the blank.
Exam trick: For a subject that receives a completed action, an introductory past participle can replace a fuller passive clause.