سوال ۱۱۵ کنکور ارشد مدیریت کسب‌وکار (MBA) ۱۴۰۱

Passage 3 — summary: Tie-and-dye creates fabric patterns by binding, knotting, or folding selected areas so they resist color when the cloth is put into dye; varying the treatment produces distinct single-color or multicolored designs. Early Peruvian examples include a woolen, fringed, spotted textile from Paracus, possibly a sleeveless poncho, and an L-shaped patchwork fragment from Nazca; tying cloth over rounded stick ends produced spot patterns. The passage also mentions natural dyes and later examples in the southwestern United States.

Paragraph 1 context — paraphrase: Several techniques isolate areas of cloth. The next sentence begins: “These include tying or binding, knotting, and folding”.

The word "These" in paragraph 1 refers to .......... .