سوال ۲ کنکور ارشد مدیریت کسب‌وکار (MBA) ۱۴۰۲

Answer: option 1 — begun is a reduced passive relative clause (بند موصولی مجهولِ کاهش‌یافته): the analysis ... begun by Hurston and Brooks means the analysis that was begun by them. The main clause already has its finite verb, extended.

• (2) were begun: adds a finite verb without a relative pronoun or conjunction; moreover, singular analysis would take was.
• (3) that it began: adds a redundant subject it and uses active began, whereas by Hurston and Brooks identifies the agents of a passive action.
• (4) who they began: uses a personal relative pronoun for analysis and introduces an unnecessary subject with an active verb.

Exam trick: A past participle followed by by + agent often replaces which/that was + past participle.