سوال ۲۵ کنکور ارشد مهندسی مکانیک ۱۴۰۰

PART C: Reading Comprehension

PASSAGE 2 (excerpt):

One of the most interesting features of mechanotransduction is that it reveals a new layer of modulation of the interactions between molecules, and a potential global guiding principle for organizing biological entities from molecules to cells. At the same time, as new technological advances have enabled us to measure and apply forces on cells and molecules (optical tweezers, magnetic tweezers, and lithography to name a few examples), we have come to realize how pervasive the role of physical forces is. Mehanotransduction, defined as the modulation of biological fates by physical forces, has been found to occur in all corners of the biological realm and with an extremely rich and diverse set of mechanisms. Some of these mechanisms are very similar across all domains of life, as in the case of the mechanosensitive channels that allow physical stimuli on or across cell membranes to control the flow of molecules across these membranes: flow that can in turn release osmotic pressure or trigger another signaling pathway.

Which of the following features is common between living creatures?