سوال ۱۶ کنکور ارشد مدیریت ۱۴۰۵

Passage (excerpt, paragraph 3):

Choices about sourcing are not new, either. Manufacturing firms have long had to decide in which of their locations to produce the various components of their final products or, more fundamentally, whether to use subcontractors to produce them. Better information technology has expanded the range of businesses where sourcing choices are possible, especially in white collar jobs. We could have the software done by our Indian office, the outbound calls initiated by our Philippine call center, and the policies drafted in the U.S.

The underlined word "initiated" in paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to ……………….. .