سوال ۲۵ کنکور ارشد مدیریت ۱۴۰۵

Passage (excerpt):

By April 2005, more than 88,800 facilities worldwide had certified their environmental management systems (EMS) to ISO 14001, the global EMS standard, and thousands more had adopted uncertified EMSs. [1] EMSs are strategic management approaches that define how an organization will address its impacts on the natural environment. … At issue is that EMSs do not require organizations to improve their environmental performance, but instead focus on creating and documenting environmental policies and procedures. Additionally, there is no way of externally verifying that an organization's environmental performance improvements actually occur. EMSs therefore may represent only symbolic efforts to improve an organization's image. In instances where EMSs enhance an organization's environmental performance, some scholars suggest that improvements are likely to occur within the organization's operational boundaries rather than being extended throughout the supply chain. [2]

Despite these concerns, the operational capabilities necessary to adopt an EMS may also assist an organization's efforts to reduce its environmental impacts throughout its supply chain. EMS adopters therefore may be more likely to rely on their complementary knowledge-based capabilities towards working with their networks of suppliers and customers to minimize system-wide environmental impacts. [3] In other instances, organizations that chose to adopt an EMS may endure the same institutional pressures as organizations that adopt Green Supply Chain Management (GSCM) practices … organizations that adopt EMSs may have a greater probability of implementing environmentally sustainable management practices by considering their environmental impacts beyond their organizational boundaries. [4]

In which position marked by [1], [2], [3] and [4], can the following sentence best be inserted in the passage?

Moreover, EMS adopters may have little reason to 'green' their supply chains, since they can market themselves as being environmentally proactive (by virtue of having an EMS) without undertaking these additional efforts.