سوال ۲۳ کنکور ارشد مدیریت ۱۴۰۴

Passage summary (original paragraph 1): Public health managers receive less public respect than clinical professionals and are often viewed as bureaucratic obstacles, despite many having health-care training and practical experience.

Passage summary (original paragraph 2): The writer nevertheless regards managers as indispensable organizers of health-service delivery. In low-income countries, changing health needs, illustrated by HIV/AIDS and noncommunicable diseases, create major challenges and require different resource allocations and service responses.

Passage summary (original paragraph 3): Scarce, unpredictable resources, donor policies, public-sector reforms, and globalization add pressures that require capable managers to set strategy, ensure suitable services, and coordinate with other organizations and sectors.

Relevant original wording: “to provide strategic direction to the system”

According to paragraph 3, in order to respond effectively to the challenges facing them, managers need to .......... .