سوال ۸ کنکور ارشد مدیریت ۱۴۰۳

Cloze context summary: Early Roman schooling was optional and paid for by families. Affluent households arranged private teaching, while poorer children learned together; tutors had varied working conditions, and some may have arrived in Rome enslaved despite substantial education.

Complete the blank: Roman education had its first “primary schools” in the 3rd century BCE, but they were not compulsory .......... entirely on tuition fees.