سوال ۱۶ کنکور ارشد مدیریت ۱۴۰۳

Passage summary — paragraph 1: Fayol's work distinguished six business activities (technical, commercial, financial, security, accounting and management), five managerial functions (forecasting and planning, organizing, coordination, command and control), and fourteen guiding principles. Paragraph 2: Some writers regarded his approach as an early comprehensive management theory with broad applicability, and his functions influenced modern classifications of managerial work. His fourteen principles receive the most citations. Authors differ over whether these principles should be understood as adaptable guidance or rules for every circumstance.

According to paragraph 1, all of the following are among the five key functions or elements that comprise managerial activity EXCEPT ....................... .