سوال ۱۹ کنکور ارشد مدیریت ۱۴۰۱

Passage summary: The first paragraph contrasts extensive research on employees’ technology-related stress with limited knowledge about managers, whose organizational rank gives them different work demands and resources. The second paragraph reports interviews with 20 managers: technology overload and complexity were prominent, but overload and invasion were especially demanding relative to non-managerial employees, while technology-related insecurity was not an issue for managers. The study examines negative psychological and physical effects over both short and long periods. It identifies which stressors need mitigation without describing particular mitigation techniques.

Passage wording: “their adverse psychological and physical consequences”.

The word “adverse” in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to ...........