سوال ۲۱ کنکور ارشد مهندسی کامپیوتر ۱۴۰۴

PASSAGE 3 (paragraph 1):

Quantum computation is a field of much interest and activity. Much of the interest was stimulated by Shor's discovery that there is a quantum computation algorithm for the integer factoring problem that is more efficient than any known classical algorithm. This result has stimulated much work that represents steps in the long-term goal of physical construction of quantum computers. This includes work on quantum error-correction codes and physical models of quantum gates, quantum Hall systems, and nuclear magnetic resonance to carry out parallel quantum computation.

Q21. Which of the following techniques is used in paragraph 1?