سوال ۲۵ کنکور ارشد مهندسی کامپیوتر ۱۴۰۴

In which position marked by [1], [2], [3] or [4], can the following sentence best be inserted in the passage?

Balancing the required isolation and interaction is difficult, but after decades of research a few systems are emerging as top candidates for large-scale quantum information processing.

PASSAGE 3 (relevant excerpt):

... This includes work on quantum error-correction codes and physical models of quantum gates, quantum Hall systems, and nuclear magnetic resonance to carry out parallel quantum computation. [1]

... is implicit in this work is tempered by the work of Landauer. [2] As a critic, Landauer correctly points out the enormous obstacles in the path of construction of efficient quantum computers ...

Building quantum computers is incredibly difficult. Many candidate qubit systems exist on the scale of single atoms, and the physicists, engineers, and materials scientists who are trying to execute quantum operations on these systems constantly deal with two competing requirements. [3] First, qubits need to be protected from the environment because it can destroy the delicate quantum states needed for computation. The longer a qubit survives in its desired state the longer its "coherence time." From this perspective, isolation is prized. Second, however, for algorithm execution qubits need to be entangled, shuffled around physical architectures, and controllable on demand. The better these operations can be carried out the higher their "fidelity." [4]