سوال ۱۶ کنکور ارشد مهندسی کامپیوتر ۱۴۰۳

PASSAGE 2 (paragraph 1):

"The programming process can be subdivided into a number of tasks of which debugging is perhaps one of the most pervasive. For example, it is frequently estimated that testing and debugging account for approximately 50% of the cost of new systems development. This situation holds also for the later maintenance phase. ..."

The word "pervasive" in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to ______ .