سوال ۱۷ کنکور ارشد مهندسی کامپیوتر ۱۴۰۳

Read the following excerpt from paragraph 2 of PASSAGE 2 (on debugging research) and answer the question.

Debugging studies such as those by Gould & Drongowski (1974) and Gould (1975) addressed the effect of the type of programming language statement containing the bug on debugging performance. They found that assignment bugs were much harder to detect and correct than were array or iteration bugs. Unfortunately, the routines Gould used were statistical routines and the assignment bugs involved knowledge of statistics, i.e. domain knowledge not commonly possessed by the average programmer. These results highlight the anomalies that may arise when we do not have a general concept of program bugs. Furthermore, they illustrate the need to investigate the nature of bugs if research into debugging is to progress.

The word "they" in paragraph 2 refers to .......................... .