سوال ۱۷ کنکور ارشد مهندسی برق ۱۴۰۰

PASSAGE 1 (paragraph 1):

A photovoltaic panel used as an energy source is very capricious, because the power of the electric current obtained from the panel will depend on the intensity of the incident light. Additionally, the load current also remains an important factor. Users of this energy source in most cases are not able to obtain constant lighting or a constant load. Usually, the panels are fixed in one spot and they are rarely placed on revolving supports that follow the sun. As a result, sunlight falls on the panel surface at different angles. In addition, the sun can be obscured by clouds. The load is not constant, but it usually varies according to the needs of the users. Under such conditions, the voltage on the panel terminals will also undergo significant changes.

According to paragraph 1, which of the following does NOT affect the reliability of the energy provided by a photovoltaic panel?