سوال ۲۲ کنکور ارشد علوم کامپیوتر ۱۴۰۳

Passage 3

The period from 1950 to 1970 witnessed significant hardware developments that revolutionized computer design and architecture. Vacuum tubes, which were initially used to represent bits in circuits, were replaced by transistors. [1] Transistors offered greater efficiency and the ability to accommodate thousands of them in a single circuit, resulting in a tremendous increase in computational power.

During this time, high-level programming languages like BASIC were introduced. [2] IBM played a pivotal role by introducing standardized computers that could be programmed for various use cases and industries. Integrated circuits emerged, allowing even smaller chips with more powerful capabilities. [3] Concepts such as time-sharing algorithms and multiple-user access were developed, enabling multiple users to share computing resources effectively.

Two major programming languages that emerged during the 1960s–1970s were C and Pascal. C became a foundational language for many modern programming languages, including JavaScript and Python. [4] Researchers and programmers started solving various problems using the power and flexibility of the C language.

Overall, the period from 1950 to 1970 laid the foundation for the digital era that would follow, setting the stage for the rapid progress that would shape computer science in the years to come.

All of the following programming languages are mentioned in the passage EXCEPT ______.