سوال ۱۷ کنکور ارشد علوم کامپیوتر ۱۳۹۹

PASSAGE 1 (excerpt):

Perhaps the richest and most exciting area of application of the projection theorem is the area of statistical estimation. It appeals in virtually all branches of science, engineering, and social science for the analysis of experimental data, for control of systems subject to random disturbances, or for decision making based on incomplete information. ...

Least squares is, of course, only one of several established approaches to estimation theory, these alternatives being maximum likelihood and Bayesian techniques. These other techniques usually require a complete statistical description of the problem variables in terms of joint probability distribution functions, whereas least squares requires only means, variances, and covariances.

Question: Among several existing approaches to estimation theory, ------------ a complete statistical description of the problem variables.