سوال ۱۹ کنکور ارشد علوم کامپیوتر ۱۳۹۹

Read the following passage and answer the question by choosing the best choice.

PASSAGE 1 (relevant excerpt)

Least squares is, of course, only one of several established approaches to estimation theory, the main alternatives being maximum likelihood and Bayesian techniques. These other techniques usually require a complete statistical description of the problem variables in terms of joint probability distribution functions, whereas least squares requires only means, variances, and covariances. Although a thorough study of estimation theory would certainly include other approaches as well as least squares, we limit our discussion to those techniques that are derived as applications of the projection theorem. In complicated problems the equations resulting from the other approaches are often nonlinear, difficult to solve, and impractical to implement. It is only when all variables have Gaussian statistics that these techniques produce linear equations, in which case the estimate is identical with that obtained by least squares. In many practical situations then, the analyst is forced by the complexity of the problem to either assume Gaussian statistics or to employ a least-squares approach. Since the resulting estimates are identical, which is used is primarily a matter of taste.

Question: Considering Gaussian statistics for all the variables, the proposed alternative techniques ------------.