سوال ۲۷ کنکور ارشد علوم کامپیوتر ۱۳۹۹

Read the following passage and answer the question.

PASSAGE 3:

In our study of geometric modeling, we will make extensive use of several important mathematical techniques. The most important are linear algebra, vectors, matrix methods, determinants, set theory, polynomial interpolation, and numerical approximation. Let us briefly review some of these.

Vectors offer a distinct advantage over classic analytic geometry by minimizing our dependence on a specific coordinate system. At the very least, vectors allow us to postpone the choice of a coordinate system until the later stages of the problem-solving process. In addition, vectors carry inherent geometric meaning, such as length and direction. Vector operations allow us to readily determine perpendicularity or parallelism. These operations support algebraic operations while retaining geometric meaning. Last, but not least, vector equations handle several component equations at once.

Next we turn to matrix methods. The array of numbers that makes up a matrix can represent simply an orderly way of storing numbers pertinent to some problem or perhaps a set of polynomial equation coefficients. The rules of matrix algebra define allowable operations on these arrays. Another use of a matrix is as an operator. Here, the matrix performs a geometric transformation on a set of points by operating on the position vectors that define these points. The rules of allowable operations are in turn governed by the rules of matrix algebra. This interpretation of a matrix as a geometric operator is the foundation of most geometric-modeling computations.

Question: For a matrix as a geometric operator, allowable operations are defined by -----------.