سوال ۱۶ کنکور ارشد علوم کامپیوتر ۱۳۹۷

Read the following passage and answer the question by choosing the best choice (1), (2), (3), or (4).

PASSAGE 1:

The term geometric modeling first came into use in the early 1970s with the rapidly developing computer graphics and computer-aided design and manufacturing technologies. It refers to a collection of methods used to define the shape and other geometric characteristics of an object. Geometric modeling embraces an area often called computational geometry and extends beyond it to the newer field of solid modeling, creating an elegant synthesis of geometry and the computer.

When we construct a model of something, we create a substitute of that thing – a representation. We cast it into a more convenient form, easier for us to use and analyze. If the model is a good one, it will respond to our proddings and questions in the same way that the original would. We try to abstract only the information essential for our objectives while ignoring other information. For many applications, the geometric model of a physical object may require the complete description of surface reflectance properties, texture, and color; or it may include only information on the elastic properties of the object's material. We can determine the detail required in a model by the uses and operations to which we intend to subject it. If the model is rich enough in descriptive detail, we can perform operations on it that yield the same results as operations performed on the object itself.

We use geometric-modeling methods to construct a precise mathematical description of the shape of a real object or to simulate some process. The construction itself is usually a computer-aided operation, with the model stored in, and analyzed by, a computer. Using a computer is, in fact, central to the entire geometric-modeling process. Without computational power, we would be unable to construct and analyze sophisticated models of any practical importance.

Question: The term geometric modeling --------------.