سوال ۱۳ کنکور ارشد علوم کامپیوتر ۱۴۰۵

PASSAGE 1:

Computer scientists write programs. But so do economists, physicists, chemists, mathematicians, and engineers of all flavors—including software ones; the writing of programs does not distinguish the computer scientist from these other creators of software. Consequently, it does not distinguish the discipline of computer science. So what does? Well, one thing that does is its preoccupation with the meta-activity associated with programming i.e., with the design and development of tools and methodologies that facilitate and aid the specification, development, implementation and analysis of computing systems. For example, one concern of computer science is centered upon the invention of new programming languages that are generated by the need for greater levels of abstraction.

These abstractions move us away from the architectures of physical machines and closer to the way that we wish to articulate and represent aspects of the worlds that we are modelling. We are currently in the age of object-oriented programming, but new, revolutionary computational models are already on the horizon, which challenge the hegemony of von-Neumann architecture. For instance, genetic and evolutionary programming, quantum computing, and DNA computing have the potential to change not only the content and style of programming but also the underlying model of computation.

All of the following words are mentioned in the passage EXCEPT ................. .