سوال ۲۰ کنکور ارشد علوم کامپیوتر ۱۴۰۵

PASSAGE 2:

Today's computer science is already a broad and varied discipline, using a vast number of concepts to reach its goals. Yet the rate of development of computer science more than matches its current scope. New methods emerge literally every day, new approaches are conceived and put to the test, and some of the old techniques fall out of use. Most of this progress is of an evolutionary, rather than a revolutionary, nature; this in itself is desirable, as it allows a smooth transition to the new concepts. However, in order to deliver truly innovative solutions, some ground-breaking ideas have to be introduced from time to time. Conceiving such ideas is often easier when one can derive inspiration from other disciplines of science.

Borrowing concepts from other disciplines has occurred many times in the history of computer science. Perhaps the most famous example is the artificial neural network (ANN), inspired by the properties and operation of biological neurons. Although ANNs are too simple a model to mimic the behavior of the brain, they are very useful in many applications of soft computing. Enthusiasm for them has periodically waned—as their capabilities seemed to reach a limit—but then waxed again as new methods and algorithms were developed. Nowadays, so-called deep neural networks provide state-of-the-art performance for many tasks, including visual data processing or speech recognition. Another biologically-derived concept is that of the genetic algorithm (GA), a search method that uses operations similar to the phenomena occurring during gene interactions.

Question: The passage provides sufficient information to answer which of the following questions?

I. What was the first concept that computer science borrowed from another discipline?

II. What are some of the tasks which have been enhanced by deep neural networks?

III. In what decade was the use of ANNs in computer science at its highest point?