سوال ۲۱ کنکور ارشد علوم کامپیوتر ۱۴۰۵

PASSAGE 3 (paragraph 1): Computer science is unique among the sciences in the types of models it creates. In seeking explanations, science often constructs models to test hypotheses for explaining phenomena. These models, in the form of experimental apparatus, are of course physical objects. The models built and manipulated in computer science, however, are not physical at all. Computer science is a science concerned with the study of computational processes. A computational process is distinguished from, say, a chemical or electrical process, in that it is studied “in ways that ignore its physical nature” (Hailperin et al. 1999: 3). For example, the process by which a card player arranges cards in her hand, and the process by which a computer sorts names in a customer list, though they share nothing in common physically, may nevertheless embody the same computational process.

Which of the following techniques is used in paragraph 1?