سوال ۴۹ کنکور ارشد مدیریت کسب‌وکار (MBA) ۱۴۰۵ — Passage 3 summary: After oil-crisis stagnation in 1970s Japan…

Question

Passage 3 summary: After oil-crisis stagnation in 1970s Japan, pro-privatization neo-conservatism strengthened, while demands for better local living conditions sustained urban research. Castells wrote The Wild City in 1976, and Shima Yasuhiko translated it into Japanese in 1977, introducing French urban studies and emphasizing parallels between Japanese and U.S. cities. Paragraph 2 describes Japanese political scientists, especially Nishimura Shigeru, introducing French approaches: Nishimura outlined Monopolville in 1979 without assessing its importance for urban studies, criticized Castells’ rigid formalism, and agreed with Lojkine on production and collective consumption. Paragraph 3 details Nishimura’s synthesis of Castells and Lojkine, covering the social content of urban space, collective consumption, labour and ecological needs, and the state as an expression of contradictory social relationships.

According to the passage, which of the following statements is true?

Accepted Answer

Nishimura’s opinion was similar to that of Lojkine in that the latter explained the relation between mankind’s productive powers and the collective means of consumption.

Answer

Castells and Lojkine were staunch supporters of the belief that a state intervening in urban issues and problems is indeed a consistent, rational and congruous entity.

Answer

Novel developments in French urban studies were directly introduced into Japan by Castells, Lojkine and Preteceille, three scholars who were in fact political scientists.

Answer

Following the oil crisis in the late twentieth century, the social school of Neo-conservatism, which sought to promote ‘privatization’ in economy, was decidedly on the wane.