سوال ۸۱ کنکور ارشد مدیریت کسب‌وکار (MBA) ۱۴۰۵

Passage 1 — summary: Economic growth from the late 1950s increased demand for practical management education in both German states. East Germany already had a planned economy when the Berlin Wall was built in 1961; afterward, politicians and managers sought ways to operate that system more efficiently. Later debate concerned the development of an applied management discipline and the use of systems-based approaches.

According to paragraph 1, which of the following took place later?