سوال ۸۲ کنکور ارشد مدیریت کسب‌وکار (MBA) ۱۴۰۵

Passage 1 — summary: After Stalin’s death, Soviet discussion of management revived, and East German researchers later joined it. During 1957–1959 their disagreement in the party journal Einheit is described as a “vigorous dispute”; participants wanted a more practical approach to management. Establishment of the proposed discipline came considerably later.

The underlined word “vigorous” in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to .......... .