سوال ۹۷ کنکور ارشد مدیریت کسب‌وکار (MBA) ۱۴۰۴

Passage 3 — summary: The passage reports female MBA participation near 30% and research assigning about 40% of managers’ time to communication. It illustrates the importance of interpersonal skills through flatter organizations, teamwork, and customer relationships, then discusses Mintzberg, Chia, and Pfeffer and Fong as specific scholarly examples. Its discussion is expository and critical, without a narrated personal incident or a question addressed rhetorically to the reader.

Which of the following pairs of techniques is used in the passage?