سوال ۸۵ کنکور ارشد مدیریت کسب‌وکار (MBA) ۱۴۰۳

Passage 1 summary: Early German-speaking business schools offered practical two-year training in economics, law, accounting and languages; business administration became a separate discipline only after more than a decade, and its later name BWL avoided suggesting an exclusively profit-seeking orientation. German universities associated science with theory, but industry’s needs, intensified by 1920s inflation, sustained applied research and practical education; Schmalenbach’s accounting methods won public recognition for BWL and his view of it as Kunstlehre. Although Wundt’s experimental psychology laboratory began in 1879, business schools taught management psychology only from the 1920s. Unlike most countries, Germany treated production changes as engineering problems, so technical universities first included work organization, work psychology and personnel management in teaching and research.

Which of the following techniques is used in paragraph 3?