سوال ۱۵ کنکور ارشد ریاضی ۱۴۰۲

PASSAGE 1 (excerpt):

Much of the classical theory of optimization, motivated primarily by problems of physics, is associated with great mathematicians: Gauss, Lagrange, Euler, the Bernoulis, etc. During the recent development of optimization in decision problems, the classical techniques have been reexamined, extended, sometimes rediscovered, and applied to problems having quite different origins than those responsible for their earlier development. New insights have been obtained and new techniques have been discovered. The computer has rendered many techniques obsolete while making other previously impractical methods feasible and efficient. These recent developments in optimization have been made by mathematicians, system engineers, economists, operations researchers, statisticians, numerical analysts, and others in a host of different fields.

15- Decision problems ----------.