سوال ۲۵ کنکور ارشد ریاضی ۱۴۰۱

PASSAGE 2 (excerpt):

Geometric-modeling methods are a synthesis of techniques from many fields: analytic and descriptive geometry, topology, set theory, numerical analysis, vector calculus, and matrix methods, to name a few. Originally, only a loose ad hoc assembly, they have coalesced into an independent discipline with a well-defined language and logic.

… We identify three distinct aspects of geometric modeling: (1) Representation … (2) Design … (3) Rendering: We usually need an image of the model to visually interpret it. …

Computer graphics, computer-aided design (CAD), and computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) have been the driving forces behind the rapid development of geometric-modeling schemes. And, naturally, it is in these very areas that we can apply geometric modeling most effectively. Robotics, computer vision, and artificial intelligence are also making increasing demands on geometric-modeling capabilities. Let us review the traditional applications.

Computer graphics systems now routinely produce realistic two-dimensional color-shaded renderings of three-dimensional objects. … Art, animation, and reality simulation are contributing their own impetus to the state of the art, as in several popular feature films and, of course, in generating scenes for aircraft flight simulators.

25- Robotics and computer vision ----------.