سوال ۲۷ کنکور ارشد ریاضی ۱۴۰۱

Passage 3 (excerpt):

If one has several vectors in $\mathbb{C}^n$ or several matrices in $M_n$, what might it mean to say that some are "small" or that others are "large"? Under what circumstances might we say that two vectors are "close together" or "far apart"?

Questions of "size" and "proximity" in a two- or three-dimensional real vector space usually refer to Euclidean distance. The Euclidean length of a vector $z \in \mathbb{R}^n$ is $(z^{T}z)^{1/2} = \left(\sum z_i^{2}\right)^{1/2}$, and $z$ is said to be "small" (with respect to this measure) if this nonnegative real number is small. The vectors $x$ and $y$, furthermore, are "close" if the Euclidean length of the difference $z = x - y$ is a small number.

What may be said about the "size" of matrices, which may be thought of as vectors in a higher-dimensional space? What about vectors in infinite-dimensional spaces? What about complex vectors? Are there useful ways to measure the "size" of real vectors other than by Euclidean length?

One way to answer these questions is to study norms, or measures of size, of matrices and vectors. Norms may be thought of as generalizations of Euclidean length, but the study of norms is more than an exercise in mathematical generalization. It is necessary for a proper formulation of notions such as power series of matrices, and it is essential in the analysis and assessment of algorithms for numerical computations. Furthermore, different acceptable norms may be more or less convenient in various situations, so that it is appropriate to study properties common to all norms, rather than to restrict attention to any single norm.

27- The size of a vector can be determined ----------.