سوال ۲۱ کنکور ارشد مدیریت ۱۴۰۵

Passage (excerpt, paragraph 1):

By April 2005, more than 88,800 facilities worldwide had certified their environmental management systems (EMS) to ISO 14001, the global EMS standard, and thousands more had adopted uncertified EMSs. EMSs are strategic management approaches that define how an organization will address its impacts on the natural environment. While prior research has evaluated the reasons why organizations adopt an EMS and the potential these environmental strategies have for improving the environment, questions remain about whether organizations are using their EMSs to challenge their supplier networks to become more environmentally sustainable. At issue is that EMSs do not require organizations to improve their environmental performance, but instead focus on creating and documenting environmental policies and procedures. Additionally, there is no way of externally verifying that an organization's environmental performance improvements actually occur. EMSs therefore may represent only symbolic efforts to improve an organization's image. In instances where EMSs enhance an organization's environmental performance, some scholars suggest that improvements are likely to occur within the organization's operational boundaries rather than being extended throughout the supply chain.

Which of the following techniques is used in paragraph 1?