سوال ۱۲ کنکور ارشد مدیریت ۱۴۰۴

Passage summary (original paragraph 1): Taylor advocated pay based on individual production and the physical or mental demands of each task, together with selecting suitable workers. He associated group-based payment with deliberate collective underproduction.

Passage summary (original paragraph 2): Scientific management gives managers substantial responsibility for organizing work and matching incentives to employee and organizational interests; the author presents this as a strong manifestation of managerial authority. Workers and critics associated its implementation with exploitation and reduced pay rates, but the author argues that practice departed from Taylor’s recommendations.

Relevant original wording: “the frequent accusation made against scientific management is that it led to the exploitation”

The underlined word “it” in paragraph 2 refers to .......... .