سوال ۱۳ کنکور ارشد مدیریت ۱۴۰۴

Passage summary (original paragraph 1): Taylor advocated pay based on individual production and the physical or mental demands of each task, together with selecting suitable workers. He associated group-based payment with deliberate collective underproduction.

Passage summary (original paragraph 2): Scientific management gives managers substantial responsibility for organizing work and matching incentives to employee and organizational interests; the author presents this as a strong manifestation of managerial authority. Workers and critics associated its implementation with exploitation and reduced pay rates, but the author argues that practice departed from Taylor’s recommendations.

All of the following words are mentioned in the passage EXCEPT .......... .