سوال ۱۴ کنکور ارشد فیزیک ۱۴۰۴

PART C: Reading Comprehension — PASSAGE 1

It is well known that a university physicist, as every other active academic, has a double commitment: research and education. But the gap between physics as it is practiced and the physics as it is widely understood is, for the physicist, particularly striking; continuous innovation in small and big steps in the first case, traditional quasi-static approaches in the second; tremendous achievements and rewards in the first case, almost complete failure and lack of interest and of financial support in the second.

An aspect of this state of affairs that has to be stressed here is the difference between the meaning of ‘Physics’ when attached to ‘research’ and when to ‘education’. In the first case, the set of practices implied deals with technicalities, but also with choices and values. It is an open game where the player has not a small degree of autonomy. In the second case, what is usually implied is the training based on the content of a more or less good textbook and the acquisition of minor technological skills that go under the name of laboratory experiences. This second meaning is the only one experienced by all the non-physicists, including science educators, college and school teachers, and of course the students.

14- All of the following words are mentioned in the passage EXCEPT «..........» .