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PART C: Reading Comprehension — PASSAGE 2

Galileo Galilei (1564–1642) was an Italian physicist who perfected the modern scientific method. His work on accelerated motion was essential groundwork for Newtonian physics. Unfortunately, Galileo's defense of Copernican (or heliocentric) astronomy—the view that Earth rotates around the sun, not the other way around—ran afoul of established religious doctrine. [1] The Catholic Church, which taught that Earth is stationary, declared in 1616 that heliocentrism was “false and altogether contrary to Scripture.”

In 1633 the elderly Galileo was brought before the Inquisition and found guilty of heresy (preaching incorrect belief) and shown the instruments of torture that would be used on him if he did not retract his statements. Under duress, Galileo publicly retracted his belief in heliocentrism and spent the rest of his life under house arrest. [2] Because of Galileo's conviction, scientists were fearful of speaking truthfully in Southern Europe for decades afterward, and most of the work in the Scientific Revolution was thereafter done in England and Northern Europe.

The church eventually admitted its mistake, but not until many years later. In 1822, the church lifted its ban on books teaching the view that Earth goes around the sun; in 1981, Pope John Paul II (1920–2005) convened a new commission to study the Galileo case. In 1992, the commission declared that the case had been marked by “tragic mutual incomprehension.” [3] This has not been enough for some; for instance, priest George Coyne, a former director of the Vatican observatory (1978–2006), would have liked a more thorough admission of responsibility for Galileo's persecution and a true apology. [4]

19- According to the passage, which of the following statements is true?