سوال ۴۲ کنکور ارشد مدیریت کسب‌وکار (MBA) ۱۴۰۵

Passage 2 summary: Urban heat islands make cities warmer than nearby landscapes, with average annual differences of 1–3°C and summer-day differences reaching 5–12°C, because built surfaces store and release heat and combustion adds more. Hotter conditions harm health and may worsen air quality, while vegetation provides cooling through shade and evapotranspiration. Large parks can have temperatures like rural surroundings and cool nearby neighbourhoods; cooling depends on park size, and a distributed network of smaller green spaces may be more effective than one large park. Vegetation also limits stormwater runoff, with reported rainfall interception up to 45% for eucalyptus in Melbourne versus 27% for an evergreen oak in California, and drainage measures include swales, infiltration trenches and rain gardens.

The passage provides sufficient information to answer which of the following questions?

I. Who introduced the concept of urban heat island into urban management?

II. In which country are urban regions permeated by blue areas?

III. What is an example of a sustainable urban drainage system?